# **Key Players in Quantum Computing**

## **Leading Hardware Developers**

_Detail the core companies building quantum computers (IBM, Google, Microsoft, D-Wave, Rigetti)._

## The Quantum Computing Industry: Players, Market Size & Projections

The quantum computing industry is a rapidly evolving field with the potential to revolutionize computation. While still in its nascent stages, significant progress is being made in both hardware and software development, attracting substantial investment and attention from both public and private sectors.

**Key Players & Hardware Development**

Several companies are leading the charge in building quantum computers, each employing different technological approaches. According to [34], these companies are at the forefront of development.

* **IBM:** IBM is a major player, focusing on superconducting qubits [29]. They have demonstrated increasingly complex quantum processors and are actively working on making quantum computing accessible through cloud-based services.
* **Google:** Similar to IBM, Google utilizes superconducting qubits [29] and has achieved milestones in demonstrating quantum supremacy, although this claim remains debated [33]. Their Sycamore processor is a notable example of their hardware development.
* **Microsoft:** Microsoft is pursuing a different approach, focusing on topological qubits, which are theoretically more stable than other qubit types [33]. They are also heavily invested in developing a full quantum computing stack, including software and cloud services.
* **D-Wave:** D-Wave takes a unique approach, building quantum annealers rather than universal quantum computers [33]. Quantum annealers are designed to solve specific optimization problems and have found applications in areas like logistics and materials science.
* **Rigetti:** Rigetti also focuses on superconducting qubits and is developing both quantum processors and the software infrastructure needed to run them. They offer cloud access to their quantum computers [33].

Beyond these leading companies, other players are emerging, exploring alternative qubit technologies. These include IonQ (trapped ions), PsiQuantum (photonics), and various startups working on neutral atoms and silicon qubits [30, 32, 39]. The field is characterized by a diversity of approaches, with no clear winner yet established [45]. Trapped ions and superconducting qubits currently represent the most advanced and widely researched technologies [33]. However, alternatives like neutral atoms and photonics are gaining traction as potential solutions to the challenges of scalability and coherence [30, 32, 38].

**Current & Projected Market Size**

Determining the exact current market size of quantum computing is difficult due to the nascent nature of the industry. Many estimates focus on investment and research funding rather than actual revenue from quantum computing services. However, the market is undeniably growing rapidly.

According to [35], the quantum computing market may grow to approximately $80 billion by 2035 or 2040. This projection is based on anticipated advancements in hardware and software, as well as increasing demand for quantum computing solutions across various industries. However, this is a prediction, and other sources do not provide comparable financial projections.

The current market is largely driven by research and development funding from governments and private investors [36]. As quantum computers mature and become more accessible, the market is expected to shift towards commercial applications in areas like drug discovery, materials science, financial modeling, and optimization [47]. The development of a robust quantum software ecosystem is crucial for realizing this potential [42].

**Challenges & Future Outlook**

Despite the significant progress, quantum computing faces several challenges. Maintaining qubit coherence, scaling up the number of qubits, and developing robust error correction techniques are major hurdles [40]. The rapid pace of development also presents challenges for patent longevity, as innovations may become obsolete before patents are granted [52].

Furthermore, the lack of shared criteria for evaluating different qubit technologies makes it difficult to compare their strengths and weaknesses [35].

However, advancements in AI and machine learning could accelerate quantum technology breakthroughs [53]. The development of domestic quantum ecosystems is also gaining momentum, with various countries investing in research and development [55].

The World Economic Forum is committed to advancing responsible innovation and commercialization in quantum technologies [56], highlighting the importance of ethical considerations and societal impact.

In conclusion, the quantum computing industry is poised for significant growth in the coming years. While challenges remain, the potential benefits are enormous, and the ongoing investment and innovation suggest a bright future for this transformative technology.

## **Cloud-Based Quantum Computing Platforms**

_Focus on services like Amazon Braket and their role in accessibility. *(Implied from truncated content)*_

## The Quantum Computing Industry: Players, Market Size & Projections

The quantum computing industry is rapidly evolving, attracting significant investment and research. While still in its nascent stages, the potential impact across various sectors is driving substantial growth. This analysis details the key players, current and projected market size, and the role of cloud-based platforms, drawing from the provided sources.

**I. Key Players**

The quantum computing landscape features a mix of established technology giants, specialized startups, and academic institutions. Several companies consistently emerge as leaders:

* **IBM:** Identified as a leading force in superconducting qubits, cloud-based quantum services, and ecosystem development [70]. IBM’s roadmap targets a quantum-centric supercomputer with over 4,000 qubits by 2025 [79], demonstrating a commitment to scaling quantum capabilities.
* **Google:** Also a prominent player, achieving milestones in quantum processing [70].
* **Amazon:** Offers cloud-based quantum computing services through Amazon Braket, a platform allowing users to develop and run quantum algorithms [66, 67, 68].
* **D-Wave:** Specializes in quantum annealing, catering to customers in manufacturing, logistics, and financial services via its Leap™ quantum cloud platform [74].
* **Numerous Startups & University Spin-offs:** Beyond these giants, a vibrant ecosystem of smaller companies and academic institutions are contributing to innovation across the hardware, software, and services stack [74].

**II. Current Market Size (2024)**

Estimates for the 2024 market size vary considerably. Sources suggest a range between $1.16 billion [59] and $2.1 billion [61], with $1.3 billion cited by multiple sources [58, 63]. This discrepancy highlights the difficulty in accurately assessing a rapidly evolving market. A reasonable estimate, considering the available data, places the 2024 market size around **$1.3 – $2.1 billion**.

**III. Projected Market Size (5 Years – 2029/2030/2032/2035)**

Projected market size over the next 5-11 years demonstrates even greater divergence. This inconsistency necessitates cautious interpretation and consideration of the underlying assumptions behind each projection.

* **2029:** Source [58] projects a market size of **$5.3 billion** by 2029.
* **2030:** A significantly higher projection of **$125 billion** is offered by [60]. This figure stands out as an outlier and may reflect a particularly optimistic scenario or a broader definition of the “quantum computing market.”
* **2032:** Source [59] anticipates a market size of **$12,620.7 million (approximately $12.6 billion)** by 2032, representing a substantial compound annual growth rate (CAGR).
* **2033/2034:** Projections for this timeframe range from **$8.6 billion** (cloud-based segment only – [63]) to **$20.5 billion** [61].
* **2035:** Source [62] projects a market size of **$18.12 billion**, while [65] suggests a broader economic value creation of **$620 billion – $1,270 billion** across specific industries.

The wide range of projections (from $5.3 billion to $125 billion by 2030) underscores the inherent uncertainty in forecasting a nascent and disruptive technology. It is important to note that the $620B – $1.270B figure [65] represents *economic value creation* rather than direct market revenue.

**IV. The Role of Cloud-Based Quantum Computing Platforms**

Cloud-based platforms are emerging as a critical enabler for accessing and utilizing quantum computing resources [75, 77]. These platforms offer several advantages:

* **Accessibility:** They lower the barrier to entry for researchers and developers who may not have the resources to build and maintain their own quantum hardware [66, 67, 68].
* **Scalability:** Cloud platforms allow users to access a range of quantum processors and scale their computations as needed [77].
* **Remote Access:** Users can access quantum resources remotely, from anywhere in the world [66, 67, 68].

The cloud-based quantum computing market is estimated at **$1.3 billion in 2024** [63] and is projected to reach **$8.6 billion by 2033** [63], demonstrating a significant growth trajectory. Platforms like IBM Quantum, Azure Quantum, and Amazon Braket are leading the way in providing cloud-based quantum services [67, 68, 69].

**V. Conclusion & Critical Assessment**

The quantum computing industry is poised for significant growth, driven by increasing investment, technological advancements, and the potential to revolutionize various sectors. While the projected market size varies considerably, the consensus points towards a substantial expansion over the next 5-10 years.

However, it is crucial to approach market size projections with caution due to the inherent uncertainties in forecasting a disruptive technology. The wide range of estimates highlights the need for careful analysis and consideration of the underlying assumptions.

The rise of cloud-based quantum computing platforms is a key trend, lowering the barrier to entry and enabling wider access to quantum resources. Companies like IBM, Google, and Amazon are well-positioned to lead this transformation, alongside a growing ecosystem of startups and specialized providers.

## **Emerging Players & Startups**

_Briefly mention other companies contributing to the ecosystem. *(Implied need for a broader view)*_

## The Quantum Computing Industry: Players, Market Size & Projections

The quantum computing industry is experiencing significant growth and investment, driven by the potential to revolutionize fields ranging from medicine and materials science to finance and artificial intelligence. This analysis will detail the key players, current market size, and projected growth, based on the provided sources.

**Key Players in Quantum Computing**

The quantum computing landscape is diverse, encompassing hardware developers, software companies, and research institutions. Several companies are at the forefront of this technological revolution. Oxford Ionics is established as a developer of quantum computing hardware based on trapped ion technology, with a spinout company, ORCA Computing, founded in 2019 [88]. This highlights a trend of specialized companies emerging from foundational research.

Beyond these, the sources indicate a broader ecosystem of around ten companies actively involved in hardware or software development, and five focused on qubit control [94]. While specific names beyond Oxford Ionics and ORCA Computing aren’t explicitly provided in these sources, the implication is a competitive landscape with multiple actors vying for dominance. It’s important to note D-Wave Quantum, as a source mentions potential stock dilution and ownership impacts [114], indicating an established, publicly traded entity.

**Emerging Players & Startups**

The sources don’t explicitly detail a list of “emerging players & startups.” However, the mention of ORCA Computing as a spinout [88] exemplifies the dynamic nature of the industry, where new companies are constantly emerging from research institutions. The existence of “around ten” companies involved in hardware/software development [94] suggests a vibrant startup scene, though specific names are not provided within these sources.

**Other Companies Contributing to the Ecosystem**

The broader ecosystem extends beyond dedicated quantum computing companies. The NQL project, a federal initiative launched in late 2020, brings together institutions like MISiS, MIPT (Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology), and MSU [105]. This demonstrates the significant role of academic and governmental institutions in fostering quantum technology development. The World Economic Forum is also involved, publishing contributions to the field [95], suggesting engagement from international organizations.

**Current Estimated Market Size & Projected Growth**

Determining the precise *current* market size based solely on these sources is challenging. None explicitly state a current market value. However, the significant investment and rapid development suggest a growing market.

Projected growth is more clearly indicated. The sources forecast substantial job creation, estimating 250,000 jobs globally by 2030 and 840,000 by 2035 [97]. While not a direct market size figure, this indicates a rapidly expanding industry requiring a skilled workforce. The growth in job opportunities implies a corresponding increase in market value, though the sources don’t provide a specific dollar amount.

Furthermore, research into regional job distribution and skill requirements [113] suggests a maturing market actively planning for future growth. The focus on leveraging quantum computing for innovative AI solutions [111] and even within specific financial frameworks like UK Solvency II [112] indicates a broadening scope of potential applications, further driving market expansion.

**Technological Landscape & Competition**

The development of quantum computers is not focused on a single technology. Several competing approaches are being pursued, including superconducting circuits, spin qubits, topological qubits, neutral qubits, and photonic qubits [98]. Currently, superconducting circuits and trapped ions are considered the most mature technologies [99], but research continues across all platforms. This diversity suggests that different technologies may ultimately dominate different applications.

**Critical Assessment & Conclusion**

The provided sources paint a picture of a dynamic and rapidly evolving quantum computing industry. While specific market size figures are absent, the projected job growth and the involvement of numerous companies and research institutions indicate significant potential. The emphasis on both hardware and software development, coupled with the exploration of diverse qubit technologies, suggests a healthy competitive landscape.

However, it’s crucial to acknowledge the limitations of relying solely on these sources. External verification of claims, particularly regarding job projections and technology maturity, is essential. Further research into market reports and industry analysis is needed to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the current and future state of the quantum computing industry.

# **Current Market Size & Analysis** | Present the current estimated market value of the quantum computing industry

# **Market Projections: 5-Year Outlook**

## **Projected Growth Rate**

_Analyze expected annual growth rates._

## The Quantum Computing Industry: Market Analysis & Major Players (2024)

The quantum computing industry is currently in a nascent, yet rapidly evolving stage. While widespread practical applications remain years away, significant investment and research are driving progress. This analysis will detail the current state of the industry, major players, estimated market size, and projected growth, drawing from the provided sources. It will also highlight discrepancies and conflicting information within the sources.

**Current Market Size & Major Players**

Determining a precise current market size is difficult due to the early stage of development. The provided sources don’t offer a specific monetary valuation for 2023/2024. However, they demonstrate significant investment activity, indicating substantial financial commitment to the field. Major players aren’t explicitly listed in the sources, but we can infer key actors through investment trends and mentioned technologies. Amazon Web Services (AWS) is highlighted as making a $5.30 billion investment in cloud data centers, suggesting a major commitment to quantum computing infrastructure [123]. This indicates AWS is positioning itself as a key provider of quantum computing services. Beyond AWS, the sources don’t detail specific companies, but implicitly suggest involvement from companies driving AI and cloud computing, given the interconnectedness of these fields.

**Projected Growth Rate & 5-Year Outlook (2029)**

Predicting a precise 5-year growth rate is challenging given the conflicting information and the nascent nature of the industry. However, the sources offer insights into the investment trends impacting growth. While overall venture capital investment experienced a downturn in 2023, falling by 30-40% to approximately $570 billion [122], this doesn’t necessarily reflect the trajectory of quantum computing specifically. The decrease in venture capital is attributed to rising financing costs and cautious growth expectations [122]. Furthermore, the significant drop in “megarounds” (deals over $100M) – from 163 in 2022 to 36 in 2023 [125] – suggests a shift in investment strategy towards more conservative, smaller deals.

Despite the broader venture capital slowdown, the potential for quantum computing remains high. Source [116] indicates that scalable quantum computers could enable solutions to complex problems in areas like climate change and fusion energy, suggesting continued investment in the field. However, this optimism is countered by [128], which argues that “useful” quantum computers are unlikely to be constructed in the foreseeable future. This disagreement significantly impacts any growth projection.

Given the conflicting information, a conservative estimate for a 5-year growth rate is difficult. The sources suggest a period of consolidation and cautious investment. While substantial growth is possible, it is unlikely to be exponential. A reasonable estimate, assuming continued (albeit potentially slowed) investment and technological progress, would be an average annual growth rate of 20-30% over the next five years. This projection is highly sensitive to breakthroughs in quantum hardware and software, as well as broader economic conditions.

**Critical Analysis & Source Discrepancies**

The provided sources exhibit several inconsistencies and disagreements, requiring careful consideration.

* **Conflicting Investment Trends:** The most significant contradiction lies in the overall venture capital trends. While [122] and [125] highlight a decline in investment value and deal volume, [126] suggests investment *value* increased despite declining deal volume. This suggests a shift towards larger, fewer deals, potentially driven by a focus on more mature or promising ventures.
* **Feasibility of Near-Term Quantum Computing:** The disagreement between [116] and [128] regarding the feasibility of near-term quantum computing is fundamental. [116] presents an optimistic view, while [128] expresses skepticism. This highlights the significant technical challenges remaining in the field.
* **Compatibility Concerns:** [117] raises a practical concern about the compatibility of quantum computing systems with existing infrastructure. This is a valid point, and it could slow down adoption even if quantum hardware becomes more powerful.
* **Lack of Specific Market Data:** The sources lack specific market size and revenue figures for the quantum computing industry, making it difficult to assess the current state of the market accurately.

**Geopolitical Considerations**

Source [127] notes China’s increasing innovation capabilities and domestic companies. This suggests a growing competitive landscape, with China potentially becoming a major player in the quantum computing industry. This competition could drive innovation and lower costs, but it also raises concerns about intellectual property and national security.

**Conclusion**

The quantum computing industry is poised for significant growth, but faces substantial technical and economic challenges. While investment is ongoing, the rate of growth is uncertain due to conflicting information and the nascent nature of the field. A conservative estimate of 20-30% annual growth over the next five years is reasonable, but this projection is highly sensitive to technological breakthroughs and broader economic conditions. The geopolitical landscape, with China’s increasing innovation capabilities, will also play a significant role in shaping the future of the industry.

## **Sector-Specific Demand**

_Highlight which industries are driving the most growth (drug discovery, finance, AI, etc.)._

## The Quantum Computing Industry: Market Size, Growth, and Key Drivers

The quantum computing industry is experiencing significant, though somewhat inconsistently reported, growth. While the technology promises revolutionary advancements across various sectors, accurately gauging its current market size and future potential is challenging due to varying estimations and rapidly evolving data. This analysis synthesizes information from the provided sources, highlighting key trends, inconsistencies, and projected growth.

**I. Current Market Size & Baseline Estimates**

Estimates for the 2024/2025 market size differ substantially, ranging from approximately $1.3 billion to over $3.93 billion. [132] estimates the market at $1.3 billion in 2024, while [135] places it at $2.1 billion for the same year. A significantly higher valuation of $3.93 billion is reported by [141] for 2024. This discrepancy indicates a lack of standardized methodology or scope definition in market assessments. [142] offers an estimate of $1.79 billion for 2025, suggesting continued growth but still falling within the broad range of initial valuations.

**II. Projected Market Size & Growth Rates (5-Year Outlook)**

Despite differing baseline estimates, a strong overall growth trajectory is consistently projected. Compound Annual Growth Rates (CAGR) vary considerably, but generally fall within the 22% – 34.8% range over the next several years.

* **Short-Term (to 2031/2032):** [133] projects a substantial increase from $1.16 billion in 2024 to $12.62 billion by 2032, representing a CAGR of 34.8%. [138] offers a more conservative estimate, anticipating a $5 billion market by 2031 with a 22% CAGR starting from 2025.
* **Mid-Term (to 2034/2035/2037):** [135] forecasts a market size of $20.5 billion by 2034, with a CAGR of 25.6% from 2024. [136] projects a slightly smaller $9.55 billion market by 2035, with a 23.1% CAGR (2025-2035). A more aggressive projection comes from [137], estimating $64.12 billion by 2037, though the CAGR is not explicitly stated.
* **Long-Term (to 2040):** [134] suggests a significantly larger market ranging from $45 billion to $131 billion by 2040, indicating substantial long-term potential.

The wide range of projections underscores the uncertainty inherent in forecasting for such a nascent and rapidly evolving technology.

**III. Sector-Specific Demand & Key Growth Drivers**

Several industries are driving demand for quantum computing solutions.

* **Drug Discovery & AI:** [133] highlights the launch of AI-driven drug discovery technology leveraging 64-qubit systems, indicating a growing synergy between quantum computing and artificial intelligence. [145] further elaborates on quantum-enhanced AI, particularly in accelerating optimization, sampling, and high-dimensional data analysis. This suggests a significant role for quantum computing in enhancing AI capabilities.
* **Finance:** [157] details the application of quantum-inspired multi-objective optimization algorithms in maximizing trading profits, demonstrating the potential for quantum computing in financial modeling and optimization.
* **Cryptography:** [136] identifies cryptography as a key application area, driven by the need for quantum-resistant encryption methods.
* **General Research & High-Performance Computing:** The potential to solve complex problems currently intractable for classical computers is a key driver across various research fields [160].
* **Supply Chain Management:** [156] suggests quantum computing can fundamentally reshape supply chain design and management through optimization techniques.

**IV. Major Players in the Quantum Computing Industry**

[139] characterizes the industry as a dual ecosystem, comprising well-capitalized technology giants (IBM, Google, Microsoft, Amazon) and a dynamic landscape of startups. [140] specifically mentions D-Wave as a leader in quantum annealing, focused on enhancing its Advantage2 system with 4,400 qubits for AI/ML workloads. This suggests a competitive landscape with both established players and innovative startups vying for market share.

**V. Critical Assessment & Discrepancies**

The provided sources present a fragmented and often inconsistent picture of the quantum computing market. The most significant discrepancies lie in the baseline market size estimates and projected CAGR values. These inconsistencies can be attributed to varying methodologies, differing scopes of analysis, and the inherent difficulty of forecasting in a rapidly evolving field. Furthermore, the time sensitivity of the data (ranging from 2023 to 2025) adds to the complexity. It is crucial to acknowledge that these are estimates and should be interpreted with caution.

In conclusion, the quantum computing industry is poised for substantial growth over the next five to ten years, driven by advancements in technology and increasing demand from sectors like drug discovery, finance, and AI. However, accurately gauging the market size and growth trajectory remains challenging due to the inherent uncertainty and inconsistencies in available data.

## **Factors Influencing Growth**

_Discuss technological hurdles, investment trends, and potential roadblocks._

## The Quantum Computing Industry: A Comprehensive Overview

The quantum computing industry is currently experiencing a period of intense development and investment, poised for substantial growth despite considerable technological hurdles and market uncertainty. While precise market valuations vary significantly, the consensus points toward a rapidly expanding sector with the potential to revolutionize fields like finance, healthcare, and materials science.

**Current Market Size & Projected Growth:**

Estimates for the current market size of quantum computing differ considerably. In 2024, valuations range from $1.3 billion [162] to $3.93 billion [164], with another source citing $875.49 million in 2022 [177]. This disparity highlights the difficulty in defining the scope of the “quantum computing market” – is it purely hardware, or does it include software, services, and related research? Despite this ambiguity, projections consistently forecast significant growth.

Several sources estimate the market will reach approximately $5 billion by 2031 [163] or 2032 [166]. However, longer-term projections diverge more dramatically. Estimates for the market size in 2035 range from $9.55 billion [165] to a substantial $28 – $72 billion [178], with McKinsey suggesting a potential $80 billion market by 2035 or 2040 [167]. A more conservative estimate places the market at $4,312.09 million by 2030 [177]. These variations necessitate cautious interpretation of market size figures, emphasizing the inherent uncertainty in predicting the trajectory of such a nascent technology.

The projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) further illustrates this optimistic outlook. Estimates range from 22% [163] to 32.8% [164], with a longer-term CAGR of 23.1% projected to 2035 [165]. These high growth rates indicate strong investor confidence and anticipated demand for quantum computing solutions.

**Major Players in the Quantum Computing Industry:**

While a comprehensive list is beyond the scope of this response, several companies are at the forefront of quantum computing development. IBM is a prominent player, with a roadmap targeting a quantum-centric supercomputer by 2025 boasting over 4,000 qubits and the capacity to run 5,000 gates with parametric circuits [171]. Other key companies, though not explicitly detailed in the provided sources, include Google, Microsoft, Rigetti Computing, IonQ, and D-Wave Systems. These companies are actively pursuing different qubit technologies and developing quantum algorithms and software platforms.

**Factors Influencing Growth:**

Several key factors are driving the growth of the quantum computing industry:

* **Increasing Investment:** The quantum technology market attracted over $1 billion in private capital in 2023 [174], demonstrating growing investor interest and funding for research and development.
* **Technological Advancements:** Ongoing advancements in qubit technology, control systems, and quantum algorithms are paving the way for more powerful and reliable quantum computers.
* **Growing Demand:** Industries like finance, healthcare, and materials science are exploring the potential of quantum computing to solve complex problems that are intractable for classical computers.
* **Government Support:** Governments worldwide are investing in quantum computing research and development to foster innovation and maintain technological leadership [165].

**Technological Hurdles:**

Despite the promising outlook, significant technological hurdles remain:

* **Qubit Stability & Coherence:** Maintaining the stability and coherence of qubits is a major challenge, as they are highly susceptible to environmental noise.
* **Scalability:** Scaling up the number of qubits while maintaining their quality and connectivity is a significant engineering challenge.
* **Error Correction:** Quantum computers are prone to errors, and developing effective error correction techniques is crucial for reliable computation.
* **Software & Algorithm Development:** Developing quantum algorithms and software tools that can effectively utilize the power of quantum computers requires specialized expertise.

**Potential Roadblocks:**

Several potential roadblocks could hinder the growth of the quantum computing industry:

* **High Costs:** Developing and maintaining quantum computers is extremely expensive, which could limit accessibility and adoption.
* **Lack of Skilled Workforce:** There is a shortage of skilled professionals with expertise in quantum computing, which could slow down development and innovation.
* **Competition from Classical Computing:** Classical computing continues to advance, and it may be able to solve some of the problems that quantum computers are targeting.
* **Security Concerns:** Quantum computers could potentially break existing encryption algorithms, posing a threat to cybersecurity.

In conclusion, the quantum computing industry is poised for significant growth, driven by increasing investment, technological advancements, and growing demand. However, significant technological hurdles and potential roadblocks remain. The wildly varying market size projections highlight the inherent uncertainty in predicting the trajectory of this nascent technology. Continued research and development, coupled with strategic investment and collaboration, will be crucial for realizing the full potential of quantum computing. [169, 173]

# **Data Discrepancies & Challenges in Market Sizing** | Critically evaluate differing estimates and explain the difficulties in accurately predicting market size in this emerging field

# **Conclusion** | Summarize key findings and future outlook

## Sources

[62, 1] QuantumComputingMarketSize &MarketShare2025-2035
URL: https://www.metatechinsights.com/industry-insights/quantum-computing-market-1525

[2] QuantumComputingMarket- Forecasts from2025to2030
URL: https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5847512/quantum-computing-market-forecasts?srsltid=AfmBOordUoaCOruUKfEKWcMAalct1rc7ri9X1C0dFyRk-E9nnX9II6qG

[3, 142] QuantumComputingMarketOutlook2025-2030, with …
URL: https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/quantum-computing-market-outlook-2025-170600023.html

[4] QuantumComputingMarketSize&Forecast2025-2030
URL: https://www.knowledge-sourcing.com/report/quantum-computing-market

[5] Quantumcomputingindustryto reach $7.5 billion by2030
URL: https://www.perplexity.ai/page/quantum-computing-industry-to-MIyeltOCRE23fLcHrc4GuA

[6] QuantumComputingResearch Report2025:Marketto …
URL: https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/04/09/3058195/28124/en/Quantum-Computing-Research-Report-2025-Market-to-Reach-7-48-Billion-by-2030-Hybrid-Quantum-Classical-Computing-Solutions-are-Meeting-Success-with-Early-Adopters-in-Key-Areas-Such-a.html

[162, 58, 7, 132] QuantumComputingMarketSize, Share & Growth
URL: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/quantum-computing-market-144888301.html

[60, 8] QuantumComputingMarketGrowth: Key Stats You Must Know
URL: https://patentpc.com/blog/quantum-computing-market-growth-key-stats-you-must-know

[163, 138, 9] QuantumComputingMarketReport: Trends, Forecastand… – Lucintel
URL: https://www.lucintel.com/quantum-computing-market.aspx

[11, 10] QuantumComputingMarketSize|IndustryReport, 2030 – Grand View Research
URL: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/quantum-computing-market

[12] QuantumComputingMarketSize& Outlook,2030
URL: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/horizon/outlook/quantum-computing-market-size/global

[13] QuantumComputing: Commercial Revenue to Near $10bn …
URL: https://www.juniperresearch.com/press/pressreleasesquantum-computing-commercial-revenue-to-near-10bn/

[14] QuantumComputingMarket:IndustryAnalysisandOutlook 2030
URL: https://www.maximizemarketresearch.com/market-report/global-quantum-computing-market/27533/

[15] QuantumProcessing UnitMarketSize|IndustryReport, 2030
URL: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/quantum-processing-unit-market-report

[16, 18, 140, 171, 79] QuantumComputingRoadmaps: A Look at The MapsAnd…
URL: https://thequantuminsider.com/2025/05/16/quantum-computing-roadmaps-a-look-at-the-maps-and-predictions-of-major-quantum-players/

[17, 66] 10 LeadingQuantumComputingCompaniesat the Forefront
URL: https://www.bluequbit.io/quantum-computing-companies

[19] Quantumcomputingin2025: riskandreward – BI Foresight
URL: https://biforesight.com/quantum/quantum-computing-in-2025-risk-and-reward/

[20, 134, 28, 24] TheRise ofQuantumComputing
URL: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/the-rise-of-quantum-computing

[21] QuantumComputingStocks to Watch in2025
URL: https://www.webopedia.com/technology/quantum-computing-companies/

[22] GlobalQuantumComputingMarketSize, Trends, Share 2033
URL: https://www.custommarketinsights.com/report/quantum-computing-market/

[23] QuantumComputingMarket2025-2045: Technology, …
URL: https://www.idtechex.com/en/research-report/quantum-computing-market-2025/1053

[25] Q12025QuantumTechnology Investment: What’s Driving …
URL: https://thequantuminsider.com/2025/05/27/q1-2025-quantum-technology-investment-whats-driving-the-surge-in-quantum-investment/

[26] GlobalQuantumComputingMarketReport2025-2045 …
URL: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250120133913/en/Global-Quantum-Computing-Market-Report-2025-2045-with-Profiles-of-200-Companies-Across-the-Quantum-Computing-Value-Chain—ResearchAndMarkets.com

[27] The GlobalMarketforQuantumComputing2025-2045
URL: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/global-market-quantum-computing-2025-2045-research-and-markets-l9dae

[179, 29] QuantumComputing: NavigatingtheFutureof…
URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2624-960X/6/4/39

[30] TheStateofQuantumComputingin2024: Innovations, Challenges,and…
URL: https://methodologists.net/Exploring-the-Transformative-Advancements-in-Quantum-Computing-and-Their-Global-Impact-in-2024

[89, 31] Form 10-K for RigettiComputingINC filed 03/14/2024
URL: https://investors.rigetti.com/static-files/e055668b-c1b5-4001-8643-a1cb13fd1229

[32] TheCurrent StateofQuantumComputing- IEEE Computer Society
URL: https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/research/current-state-of-quantum-computing

[33] Quantumcomputing: An emerging ecosystemandindustry …
URL: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/mckinsey%20digital/our%20insights/quantum%20computing%20use%20cases%20are%20getting%20real%20what%20you%20need%20to%20know/quantum-computing-an-emerging-ecosystem.pdf

[34] QuantumComputingHardware: DiscoverTheNew EraofComputing- BlueQubit
URL: https://www.bluequbit.io/quantum-computing-hardware

[35] Potentialandchallengesofquantumcomputinghardwaretechnologies
URL: https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/tech-forward/potential-and-challenges-of-quantum-computing-hardware-technologies

[36, 178] QuantumTechnology Monitor
URL: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/mckinsey%20digital/our%20insights/steady%20progress%20in%20approaching%20the%20quantum%20advantage/quantum-technology-monitor-april-2024.pdf

[37] TheQuantumHardwareLandscape: Competing Architectures
URL: https://quantumzeitgeist.com/quantum-hardware/

[38, 104] Aquantumtechnologies policy primer – O.N.E
URL: https://one.oecd.org/document/DSTI/DPC/STP(2024)3/FINAL/en/pdf

[39] NationalQuantumStrategy roadmap:Quantumcomputing
URL: https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/national-quantum-strategy/en/national-quantum-strategy-roadmap-quantum-computing

[40] India’sQuantumLeap Forward – by Akhilesh Gururani
URL: https://mutualfundsguide.substack.com/p/indias-quantum-leap-forward

[41] (PDF)TheCurrent LandscapeofQuantumHardware… – ResearchGate
URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376718664_The_Current_Landscape_of_Quantum_Hardware_Development_-An_Overview

[42] A quest toward comprehensive benchmarkingofquantumcomputing… -Nature
URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s43588-025-00803-y

[43] (PDF)QuantumComputing: NavigatingtheFutureof…
URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385996699_Quantum_Computing_Navigating_the_Future_of_Computation_Challenges_and_Technological_Breakthroughs

[44] DOE Explains…QuantumComputing- DepartmentofEnergy
URL: https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainsquantum-computing

[45] 5 EssentialHardwareComponentsofaQuantumComputer |Quantum…
URL: https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/25196/chapter/7

[46] BestQuantumTechnology Startups Shaping Tomorrow’s …
URL: https://gov.capital/best-quantum-technology-startups/

[47, 156] QuantumSundays |8 QC ApplicationsinSupply Chain Optimization
URL: https://medium.com/@adnanmasood/quantum-sundays-8-qc-applications-in-supply-chain-optimization-81cdb904a81b

[48] AI, Data Center, &QuantumComputingIntel – Substack
URL: https://substack.com/home/post/p-158531480?source=queue

[49] Unleashingthebusiness potentialofquantumcomputing
URL: https://www.adlittle.com/sites/default/files/reports/ADL%20-%20Blue%20Shift%20-%20Unleashing%20the%20business%20potential%20of%20Quantum%20Computing_1.pdf

[50] A Survey onQuantumMachine Learning: Basics, Current Trends …
URL: https://arxiv.org/html/2310.10315v3

[51] QuantumInfrastructure Review
URL: https://raeng.org.uk/media/rrqjm2v3/quantum-infrastructure-review.pdf

[52] Patentingquantumcomputing: Challenges, trends,andfuture prospects
URL: https://www.dlapiper.com/en-us/insights/publications/intellectual-property-news/2025/patenting-quantum-computing-challenges-trends-and-future-prospects

[53] QUANTUMTECHNOLOGIESANDTHEFUTUREOFLEARNING
URL: https://www.itcilo.org/sites/default/files/2025-04/Quantum%20for%20learning_WEB-2.pdf

[54] 431 kB – Hugging Face
URL: https://huggingface.co/jd445/AnnualBERTs/resolve/main/2014/vocab.txt?download=true

[55] TheQuantumTechnology RegulatoryandGovernmentInvestment…
URL: https://omdia.tech.informa.com/om030761/the-quantum-technology-regulatory-and-government-investment-analysis

[56] EmbracingtheQuantumEconomy: A Pathway for Business Leaders
URL: https://reports.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Embracing_the_Quantum_Economy_2024.pdf

[57] TheProceedingsoftheFourth IEEE International Conferenceon…
URL: https://icrc.ieee.org/files/2019/11/icrc_2019-ebook.pdf

[59, 133] QuantumComputingMarketSize, Share & Growth Report, 2032
URL: https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/quantum-computing-market-104855

[135, 61] QuantumComputingMarketSize, Share | CAGR of 25.6%
URL: https://market.us/report/quantum-computing-market/

[63] Cloud-basedQuantumComputingMarketSize, Innovation …
URL: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/cloud-based-quantum-computing-market-size-innovation-pazoe

[64] QuantumComputingOnTrack to Create Up to $850 Billion …
URL: https://www.bcg.com/press/18july2024-quantum-computing-create-up-to-850-billion-of-economic-value-2040

[65] PDFQuantumTechnology Monitor – McKinsey & Company
URL: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/mckinsey%20digital/our%20insights/quantum%20technology%20sees%20record%20investments%20progress%20on%20talent%20gap/quantum-technology-monitor-april-2023.pdf

[67] QuantumComputing:TheNext Frontier in AIandHuman Progress
URL: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/quantum-computing-next-frontier-ai-human-progress-kish-ranai-29csc

[68] Cloudbased QC withAmazonBraket
URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349910574_Cloud_based_QC_with_Amazon_Braket

[69] QuantumAI:TheFutureofComputingandArtificial Intelligence
URL: https://tech-now.io/en/blogs/quantum-ai-the-future-of-computing-and-artificial-intelligence

[139, 70] QuantumComputingMarketView:Players,Growth,andPotential …
URL: https://medium.com/coinmonks/quantum-computing-market-view-players-growth-and-potential-may-2025-15f58bb7ce29

[170, 160, 71, 86] QuantumComputingCompanies: A Full 2024 List
URL: https://thequantuminsider.com/2023/12/29/quantum-computing-companies/

[72] 15 BiggestQuantumComputingCompaniesintheWorld
URL: https://finance.yahoo.com/news/15-biggest-quantum-computing-companies-130134308.html

[73] Top 10QuantumComputingCompanies Making Change – Forbes
URL: https://www.forbes.com/sites/technology/article/top-quantum-computing-companies/

[165, 74, 136] QuantumComputingMarketSize, Trends & Forecast 2025 to 2035
URL: https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/quantum-computing-market

[75] A Quick GuideToQuantumComputingFrameworks
URL: https://quantumzeitgeist.com/a-guide-to-quantum-computing-frameworks/

[76] GlobalMarketforQuantumComputing2025-2045:Major- GlobeNewswire
URL: https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/01/15/3009956/28124/en/Global-Market-for-Quantum-Computing-2025-2045-Major-Initiatives-like-the-US-National-Quantum-Initiative-China-s-quantum-strategy-and-the-EU-Quantum-Flagship-Provide-Funding-and-Str.html

[77] QuantumComputingInTheCloudAccessingQuantumPower …
URL: https://quantumzeitgeist.com/quantum-computing-in-the-cloud-accessing-quantum-power-remotely/

[78] QuantumComputingintheCloud: Analyzing jobandmachine …
URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2203.13121

[80] SuperconductingQuantumComputers: WhoIsLeadingtheFuture?
URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/5177748.pdf?abstractid=5177748&mirid=1&type=2

[81] QuantumSundays |7 ClaimsandRealityofQuantumComputing’s …
URL: https://medium.com/@adnanmasood/quantum-sundays-7-claims-and-reality-of-quantum-computings-impact-on-generative-ai-deep-8512714dde55

[82] QuantumComputing: Definition, How It’s Used,andExample
URL: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/q/quantum-computing.asp

[83] Quantumcomputingchallengesinthesoftwareindustry. A fuzzy …
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950584922000581

[84] What isquantumcomputing?
URL: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/mckinsey-explainers/what-is-quantum-computing

[85] QuantumComputingasan Enabler for sustainable Circular …
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S3050607725000273

[87, 143] QuantumComputingMarketLandscape – 2024 Analysis – Omdia
URL: https://omdia.tech.informa.com/om122877/quantum-computing-market-landscape–2024-analysis

[88] Final Report
URL: https://www.qcshub.org/final-report.pdf

[90] ThePotentialforQuantumComputingtoTransform Everything
URL: https://pathstone.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Quantum-Impact-E28094-The-Potential-for-Quantum-Computing-to-Transform-Everything.pdf

[91] Artificial intelligenceandquantumcomputingwhite paper
URL: https://qt.eu/media/pdf/Artificial_Intelligence_and_Quantum_Computing_white_paper.pdf

[92] (PDF) Business ValueofQuantumComputers
URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343683519_Business_Value_of_Quantum_Computers_analyzing_its_business_potentials_and_identifying_needed_capabilities_for_the_healthcare_industry

[93] Andyetquantumcomputingcontinuestoprogress
URL: https://scottaaronson.blog/?p=7916

[94] Advancingquantumtechnology workforce: industry insights into …
URL: https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/articles/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00294-2

[115, 95] StateofQuantumComputing: BuildingaQuantumEconomy
URL: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_State_of_Quantum_Computing_2022.pdf

[96] QuantumSundays |4 From HypetoAdvantage —HowLeaders …
URL: https://medium.com/@adnanmasood/quantum-sundays-4-from-hype-to-advantage-how-leaders-should-approach-quantum-computing-c6893c4406cb

[97] UKQuantumSkills Taskforce report
URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-quantum-skills-taskforce-report/uk-quantum-skills-taskforce-report

[98] QuantumComputing: NavigatingtheFutureof…
URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2624-960x/6/4/627

[99] QuantumComputingHardware – 2022 Analysis – Omdia – Informa
URL: https://omdia.tech.informa.com/om026810/quantum-computing-hardware–2022-analysis

[100] Ion TrapandNeutralAtom MBQC -QuantumComputingModalities
URL: https://postquantum.com/quantum-architecture/ion-trap-neutral-atom-mbqc/

[101] ASurveyofQuantumComputingforFinance – arXiv
URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2201.02773

[102] QuantumComputingforPortfolio OptimizationandRisk Analysis
URL: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/quantum-computing-portfolio-optimization-risk-anand-ramachandran-g5sue

[103] Lall-etal-arXic-2025-metrics-and-benchmarks-for-quantum…
URL: https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/92177/1/Lall-etal-arXic-2025-metrics-and-benchmarks-for-quantum-computers.pdf

[105] QuantumTechnologiesandQuantumComputinginRussia
URL: https://postquantum.com/quantum-computing/quantum-russia/

[106, 148] Quantumcomputingsoftware solutions,technologies, evaluation …
URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00607-025-01459-2

[107] DevelopmentofQuantumInterconnects (QuICs)forNext …
URL: https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PRXQuantum.2.017002

[108] Contents
URL: https://www.ukri.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/UKRI-03012023-Quantum_projects_brochure2022.pdf

[109] Quantuminternet building blocks stateofresearchand…
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389128625001197

[110] ReviewofDistributedQuantumComputing: From single QPUto…
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574013725000231

[111, 145] Quantumcomputingandartificial intelligence: statusandperspectives
URL: https://arxiv.org/html/2505.23860v1

[112] Quantuminternal modelsforSolvency IIandquantitative risk …
URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-actuarial-journal/article/quantum-internal-models-for-solvency-ii-and-quantitative-risk-management/B4C79AC89C6758240C97237672B1218E

[113] (PDF)TheQuantumTechnology JobMarket: A Quantitative …
URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/390176617_The_Quantum_Technology_Job_Market_A_Quantitative_Investigation

[114] qbts-20241231 – SEC.gov
URL: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1907982/000190798225000060/qbts-20241231.htm

[116] RIGETTICOMPUTING, INC._December 31, 2024 – SEC.gov
URL: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1838359/000155837025002499/rgti-20241231x10k.htm

[117] QuantumComputingInc. Form 424B3 Filed 2025-02-04
URL: http://pdf.secdatabase.com/46/0001213900-25-010098.pdf

[118] QuantumComputing: ProgressandProspects (2019) – courses
URL: https://courses.csail.mit.edu/6.857/2019/files/NAE-report-on-quantum-computing.pdf

[119] StateoftheDigital Decade 2024 – EUR-Lex – European Union
URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52024DC0260

[120] Strategic ResearchandIndustry Agenda SRIA 2030
URL: https://qt.eu/media/pdf/Strategic-Reseach-and-Industry-Agenda-2030.pdf

[121] McKinsey Technology Trends Outlook 2022
URL: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/mckinsey%20digital/our%20insights/the%20top%20trends%20in%20tech%202022/mckinsey-tech-trends-outlook-2022-full-report.pdf

[122] Technology Trends Outlook 2024
URL: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/mckinsey%20digital/our%20insights/the%20top%20trends%20in%20tech%202024/mckinsey-technology-trends-outlook-2024.pdf

[123] AI ChipMarketSize, Share,IndustryReport 2032 – MarketsandMarkets
URL: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/artificial-intelligence-chipset-market-237558655.html

[124] InvestmentReport2023/2024: Transforming for competitiveness
URL: https://www.eib.org/attachments/lucalli/20230323_economic_investment_report_2023_2024_en.pdf

[125] atomico-state-of-european-tech-report-2023.pdf – Invest Europe
URL: https://www.investeurope.eu/media/7424/atomico-state-of-european-tech-report-2023.pdf

[126] VenturePulse Q1 2025 – KPMG agentic corporate services
URL: https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/th/pdf/2025/04/venture-pulse-q1-25.pdf

[127] ChinaIsRapidly Becoming a Leading InnovatorinAdvanced …
URL: https://itif.org/publications/2024/09/16/china-is-rapidly-becoming-a-leading-innovator-in-advanced-industries/

[128] TheCase AgainstQuantumComputing
URL: https://read.nxtbook.com/ieee/spectrum/spectrum_na_march_2019/the_case_against_quantum_comp.html

[129] Thenext big arenasofcompetition
URL: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/mckinsey%20global%20institute/our%20research/the%20next%20big%20arenas%20of%20competition/the-next-big-arenas-of-competition_final.pdf

[130] Moderncomputing: Visionandchallenges – ScienceDirect.com
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772503024000021

[131] Innovation, integrationandsimplificationinEurope
URL: https://www.eib.org/attachments/lucalli/20240354_investment_report_2024_en.pdf

[137] QuantumComputingMarketSize& Share,GrowthReport 2037
URL: https://www.researchnester.com/reports/quantum-computing-market/4910

[141, 164] QuantumComputingMarket-IndustryAnalysisandForecast 2025 …
URL: https://www.stellarmr.com/report/Quantum-Computing-Market/388

[144] QuantumComputingTrendsandProspects
URL: https://www.jri.co.jp/file/advanced/advanced-technology/pdf/15502.pdf

[146] A Systematic Mapping StudyonQuantumandQuantum-inspired…
URL: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3700874

[147] (PDF)Quantumcomputingandartificial intelligence: status …
URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/392315407_Quantum_computing_and_artificial_intelligence_status_and_perspectives?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7InBhZ2UiOiJzY2llbnRpZmljQ29udHJpYnV0aW9ucyIsInByZXZpb3VzUGFnZSI6bnVsbCwic3ViUGFnZSI6bnVsbH19

[149] A comprehensive reviewofquantummachine learning
URL: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6633/ad7f69

[150] ThePromising FutureOfQuantumMachine Learning
URL: https://fastercapital.com/topics/the-promising-future-of-quantum-machine-learning.html/1

[151] Theimpactofquantumcomputingonthedevelopment …
URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384884100_The_impact_of_quantum_computing_on_the_development_of_algorithms_and_software

[152] QuantumMachine Learning—An Overview
URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/12/11/2379

[153] AdvancementsinQuantumComputing—Viewpoint: Building …
URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13222-024-00467-4

[154] HowtoBuild aQuantumSupercomputer: Scaling from Hundredsto…
URL: https://arxiv.org/html/2411.10406v2

[155] QuantumComputing: ShapingtheFutureofGlobal … – Scaibu
URL: https://scaibu.medium.com/quantum-computing-shaping-the-future-of-global-challenges-over-the-next-century-53f1e08daed5

[157] TradingintheQuantumEra: optimizing Bitcoin gainsandenergy costs
URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15140326.2024.2404795

[158] Quantumcomputational advantage using photons – Science
URL: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe8770

[159] Quantummachine learning: aclassicalperspective – Journals
URL: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.2017.0551

[161] Cybersecurity – Worldwide | StatistaMarketForecast
URL: https://www.statista.com/outlook/tmo/cybersecurity/worldwide

[166] QuantumComputingMarketSize, Share |IndustryForecast by 2032
URL: https://www.emergenresearch.com/industry-report/quantum-computing-market

[167] QuantumComputing:PotentialandChallenges ahead
URL: https://www.plainconcepts.com/quantum-computing-potential-challenges/

[168] GlobalQuantumComputingMarketReport 2025-2045, with Profiles of 200 …
URL: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250120133913/en/

[169] 13 Top Technology Trends (2025) – Exploding Topics
URL: https://explodingtopics.com/blog/technology-trends

[172] 10QuantumComputingGiants Everyone Must KnowAbout- Forbes
URL: https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2025/03/26/10-quantum-computing-giants-everyone-must-know-about/

[173] 2025 technology industry outlook | Deloitte Insights
URL: https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/technology/technology-media-telecom-outlooks/technology-industry-outlook.html

[174] QuantumIndustryExplained: Applications, Innovations & Challenges
URL: https://thequantuminsider.com/2024/02/05/quantum-industry-explained-applications-innovations-challenges/

[175] IsIt Time to Start Planning forQuantumDataCenters?
URL: https://www.areadevelopment.com/data-centers/q1-2025/is-it-time-to-start-planning-for-quantum-data-centers.shtml

[176] McKinsey technology trends outlook 2024
URL: https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/the-top-trends-in-tech

[177] QuantumTechnologyMarketSize, Share, Growth, Demand, Trend …
URL: https://www.zionmarketresearch.com/report/quantum-technology-market